Parts of Speech

Prepared by Yasir Ahmad

What is grammar?

The word grammar is derived from other languages such as French, Latin and Greek. They all mean a set of standard rules.

Grammar:

Grammar is the set of basic rules which are used to speak and write a language correctly and make the accurate relationship between words.
Or
A set of rules that indicate how our thoughts can be expressed is called grammar.
Alphabet:
It is the set of letters, symbols or characters arranged in a fixed order for writing a language.
Letter:
Letter is the any of the members of the English Alphabet that represent the basic sound in speech. Further, a letter itself does not have any meaning and letters can be small or capital.
Example:
[ Aa-Zz ]
Word:
Word is the basic unit of a language that can be written and spoken.
Or
It a meaningful sound or combination of sounds made of limited number of letters.

Word:

Word is the basic unit of a language that can be written and spoken.
Or
It a meaningful sound or combination of sounds made of limited number of letters.
Examples:

• Computer
• Book
• Car
• House
• Clock

Kinds of word

Dictionary Word:

It a word that does not need any explanation. They are self-explanatory.
Examples:

• Class
• Whiteboard
• Room
• Window
• Chair

Grammatical Word:

It is a word that needs some explanation. They are not self-explanatory.
Examples:

• Phrase
• Clause
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Present Indefinite Tense

Phrase:

A phrase contains more than one word. It does not contain a subject, verb and its meaning is incomplete too.
Examples:

• The teacher is not in the class.
• She was on the top.
• Such friends can be snakes in the grass.
• Making furniture is a piece of cake.
• There is a beautiful woman.

Clause:

A clause also contains more than one word and it has a subject and a verb however, sometime it gives complete meaning and sometime it does not give complete meaning.
Examples:

• If you work hard, you will pass the test.
• When he serve you, you should thank him.
• As soon as he appear, I will inform you.
• If you stay calm, you will be given a reward.
• Unless they read the book, they cannot improve their reading. 

Sentence:

A sentence is a group of words having a subject and predicate which gives complete meaning and sense.
Examples:

• She is reading her books.
•  They had talked to the manager.
• We will visit Islamabad.
• They have never seen a palace.
• I met my friends last night.

Subject:

The person, thing, place or animal we are talking about is called subject.
Or
What the predicate talks about is called subject.
Examples:

• I will not miss the boat.
• He will get what he works for.
• We can win the competition.
• Fawad drank the glass of juice.
• Salman did not call his mother.

Object:

The receiver of an action is called object.
Or
A word that comes after the subject is known as object.
Examples:

• I do not use computer.
• She made a cake.
• They stole a car.
• The thieves robbed the bank.
• The teacher did not check the notebooks.

Predicate:

Predicate is a part of sentence which gives information about the subject.
Examples:

• She taken the classes.
• John missed the buss.
• They defeated the England team.
• We love eating pizza.
• You need to work hard.

Complement:

Complement is a word that completes the meaning of the sentence.
Examples:

• David is naughty.
• Saleem was a doctor.
• They are not cheaters.
• I am a carpenter.
• She is jubilant.

Parts of Speech:

Parts of speech is the combination of two words.

• Parts: which means part, segment and section.
• Speech: which means address, saying and articulation.

Definition:
Word that are divided into different group or class according to their grammatical function in a sentence is called parts of speech.
Parts of speech are eight in number.

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjuction
8. Interjection

Parts of speech are systematically divided into two types.

Open System:

• Noun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb

Closed System:

• Pronoun
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection

Noun:

Noun is taken from Latin word, “nomen” which means a name. A name can be given to a person, place, thing, animal or idea is called noun.
Examples:

• Father
• Peshawar
• Dogs
• Information
• Table
• I didn’t see the table.
• Zaid is a faithful father.
• Basit is grown up in Peshawar.
• Dogs are known for their fidelity.
• I need some information.

Kinds of Noun:

1. Common Noun
2. Proper Noun
3. Abstract Noun
4. Concrete Noun
5. Abstract Noun
6. Colliective Noun
7. Material Noun
8. Countable Noun
9. Uncountable Noun
10. Compound Noun
11. Number of Noun
12. Singular Noun
13. Plural Noun

Gender of Noun:

1. Masculine Noun
2. Feminine Noun
3. Common Gender
4. Neuter Gender

Kinds of Noun:

1. Common Noun:
Common noun is a noun that is given in common to a person, place or thing etc.
Examples:

• Computer
• Car
• Bag
• Box
• Book
• I love using computer.
• My car color is blue.
• The bag was full of gold.
• This box is not mine.
• She has given me a book.

2. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of a particular name of a person, place or thing etc.
Examples:

• Fawad
• Pakistan
• Hong Kong
• July
• Islamabad
• Fawad is my neighbor.
• Pakistan is a safe country.
• I want to go to Hong Kong.
• She will have exam in July.
• They did not meet me in Islamabad.

3. Abstract Noun:
Abstract noun is the name of something that cannot be touched and seen, but can be felt.
Examples:

• Information
• Beauty
• Leadership
• Honesty
• Calmness
• Your information was useful.
• Beauty is also a gift of Allah.
• He is capable of leadership.
• Honesty is the best policy.
• There was calmness in the class.

4. Concrete Noun:
Concrete noun is the name of something that can be touched and seen, because it has shape and body.
Examples:

• Tree
• Mouse
• Cupboard
• Spoon
• Fan
• The tree is shady.
• The mouse was there in the park.
• Keep this hanger in the cupboard.
• She needed a spoon.
• Fan is very cheap at sadder bazar.

5. Collective Noun:
The name of group of persons, animals or things is known as collective noun.
Examples:

• Family
• Staff
• Gang
• Herd
• Army
• My family is there in Kohat.
• The staff was unhappy at the performance.
• The gang escaped.
• A herd of sheep is coming.
• Army did not give them permission.

6. Material Noun:
Material noun is the name of a substance from which other things are made.
Examples:

• Iron
• Gold
• Wood
• Plastic
• Leather
• Iron is a useful metal.
• Gold pricing are rising up.
• You should collect the wood.
• It is a plastic cup.
• We need more leather.

7. Countable Noun:
A noun that can be counted and divided is known as countable noun.
Examples:

• Window
• Laptop
• Bus
• Finger
• Paper
• The window is closed.
• She bought a new laptop.
• Yet the bus has not come.
• She hurt her finger yesterday.
• I gave him a paper.

8. Uncountable Noun:
A noun that cannot be counted and divided is known as uncountable noun.
Examples:

• Ghee
• Salt
• Cement
• Paint
• Oil
• The price of ghee is raised.
• She did not add salt in the food.
• The sack of cement is wasted.
• Bring paint for your room.
• It is not natural oil.

9. Compound Noun:
A compound noun is a noun which is made up of two words or two nouns.
Examples:

• Traffic police
• Class teacher
• School bus
• Whiteboard
• Hairdryer
• Traffic police is controlling the traffic signals.
• Our class teacher is absent.
• The school bus came late today.
• You must erase the whiteboard.
• The hairdresser does not provide hairdryer to customer.

10. Number of Noun:
A number of noun shows whether a person, place, thing or animal is singular or plural.
Singular Noun:
A singular noun shows that a person, place, thing or animal is singular and one.
Examples:

• One box
• One leaf
• One bus
• One hotel
• One orange
• I need to buy a box.
• The leaf is on your head.
• This is your bus.
• The hotel is famous.
• She had an orange.

11. Plural Noun:
A plural noun shows that a person, place, thing or animal is plural, two or more than two.
Examples:

• Two box
• Three leaves
• Four buses
• Five hotels
• Six oranges
• I need to buy boxes.
• The leaves are on your head.
• These are your buses.
• The hotels are famous.
• She had two oranges.

Gender of Noun

1. Masculine Noun:
A masculine noun indicates that a person or animal is male.

Examples:

1. Brother
2. Father
3. Uncle
4. Nephew
5. Son
1. He is your brother.
2. This one is your father.
3. His uncle was a lawyer.
4. His nephew is very nice.
5. It is my son.

2. Feminine Noun:
A feminine noun indicates that a person or animal is female.
Examples:
1. Sister
2. Mother
3. Aunt
4. Niece
5. Daughter
1. She is your sister.
2. This one is your mother.
3. His aunt was a lawyer.
4. His niece is very nice.
5. It is my daughter.

3. Common Gender:
A common gender indicates that this noun can be both male and female.
Examples:
1. Teacher
2. Cousin
3. Student
4. Friend
5. Singer
1. He is my math teacher.
2. This is not your cousin.
3. A student came to our class.
4. Your friend is very intelligent.
5. She is a singer.

4. Neuter Gender:
A neuter gender indicates that it is neither a male nor a female.
Examples:
1. House
2. Fan
3. Book
4. Pencil
5. Pen
1. This is her house.
2. The fan is not working well.
3. This is a book.
4. Look at the fallen pencil.
5. I bought a new pen.

Pronoun:

It is derived from Latin word “pronoun” which means for a noun. A word that is used instead of a noun is called pronoun, in addition it is used to avoid the repetition of noun in a sentence.
Examples:

• I
• You
• We
• They
• He
• She
• It
• He is a brave man.
• She is a doctor.
• I am an instructor.
• They are trainers.
• We had a great time there in Muree.

Kinds of Pronoun

1. Subject Pronoun:
It is a pronoun used in subjective case. It refers to three persons 1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person. They are the following.
Examples:

• I
• You
• We
• They
• He
• She
• It
• He is a brave man.
• She is a doctor.
• I am an instructor.
• They are trainers.
• We had a great time there in Muree.

2. Object Pronoun:
It is a pronoun used in objective case and it receives the action.
Examples:

• Me
• You
• Us
• Them
• Him
• Her
• It
• The man is a brave him.
• She met her last year.
• Ali is going to call them.
• They will punish us.
• Sohail is about to send me a gift.

3. Possessive Pronoun:
A possessive pronoun is used to show possession and belongings.
Examples:

• Mine
• Yours
• Ours
• Theirs
• His
• Hers
• Its
• This car is not mine.
• The key is yours.
• We have stolen hers.
• Those big shops are ours.
• The auto should not theirs.

4. Reflexive Pronoun:
A pronoun in which the action turns back to the subject. Subject and object is the same person.
Examples:

• Myself
• Yourself
• Ourselves
• Themselves
• Himself
• Herself
• Itself
• I am talking to myself.
• You are writing this story by yourself.
• We have finished it by ourselves.
• They should manage the things by themselves.
• It broke itself.

5. Demonstrative Pronoun:
A pronoun which is used to point out near or far person, place or thing.
Examples:

• This is a car.
• That is a building.
• These are shops.
• Those are farmers.
• That was Saleem.

6. Indefinite Pronoun:
A pronoun that does not denotes a particular person, place or thing. It begins with some, any, no and every.
Examples:

• Someone
• No one
• Something
• Everywhere
• Anywhere
• Someone is coming to the hall.
• No one is dead chuffed.
• Something is fishy.
• He goes everywhere.
• You can go anywhere you want.

7.  Relative Pronoun:
It is a pronoun used to make an adjective clause from the second sentence.
Examples:

• Who
• Which
• That
• Whom
• Whose
• I saw a man who was crying.
• She selected the field which she loved.
• They cut the tree that was fallen.
• Salman met the hero whom he had criticized.
• He whose house is here should called their parents.

8. Distributive Pronoun:
A pronoun that talks about each person or thing separately.
Examples:

• Each
• Every
• Either
• Neither
• One
• Each of the girls plays well.
• Every pupil passes the test.
• Either of the thieves had escaped.
• Neither of them is writing the homework.
• One should not come late to the class.

Verb:

It is derived from Latin word “verbrum” which means an action or state. It is used to show an action or state of being in a sentence is called verb.
Examples:

• Play
• Is
• Brought
• Was
• Love
• Saleem recites the Holy Quran.
• Sadam is a well-known player.
• Zahid brought his father a glass of water.
• Aftab was a great instructor.
• I love riding a bicycle.

Kinds of Verb

Action Verb:
An action verb is a verb that shows action in a sentence is called action verb.
Examples:

• Play
• Work
• Drank
• Took
• Cutting
• Salman plays hockey.
• Fahad works in the garage.
• Sobia drank a glass of water.
• Waqas and Fahad took their classes.
• Samreen is cutting a tree.

Stative Verb:
A stative verb is also a verb that show the state of being in a sentence.
Examples:

• Is
• Am
• Was
• Were
• Are
• Salman is a hockey player.
• I am a kind leader.
• Sobia was a police woman.
• Waqas and Fahad were upset.
• Samreen and Sobia are dead chuffed

Kinds of Transitive Verb

Mono Transitive Verb:
A mono transitive verb has only one direct object.
Examples:

• Saima helped Noreen.
• I read the book.
• Sobia called a police woman.
• Waqas and Fahad passed the test.
• Samreen and Sobia ate two apples.

Di- Transitive Verb:
It has two objects one is direct object and the other is indirect object.

Examples:

1. She bought a shirt for Lila.
2. He sent me a gift.
3. I wrote an essay for Subhan.
4. They will buy you a book.
5. We cook the dinner for them.

Example:

Complex Transitive Verb:
It is a transitive verb which take one object and one complement.
Examples:

1. I selected Nouman the proctor.
2. We decided to make him, supervisor.
3. She made me, the head coach.
4. They consider me, a doctor.
5. I chose Waqas the principal of the school

Pseudo Transitive Verb:
It has one object and it cannot be change from active voice to passive voice
Examples:

1. He has a car.
2. Saima owns a building.
3. The shirt fits
4. This dress does not suit.
5. I had a friend.

Intransitive Verb:

It is a verb that is never followed by an object. It is followed by one complement.
Examples:

1. We agree with you.
2. She danced
3. They go to school every day.
4. Subhan seems
5. I walk so slowly.

Linking Verb:
A linking verb links the complement with the subject. A subject can be a noun or pronoun and linking verb is always by adjective.
Examples:

1. Shahid seems
2. Fahad looks
3. Sobia is not a liar.
4. Waqas and Fahad feels
5. Samreen became a computer operator.

Modal Auxiliary Verb:
Modal auxiliary verbs are also called Model verb. Modal auxiliary verbs are one kind of verbs which show different feelings of a speaker. They can add different meaning to the Main verb.
Examples:

1. Sana can play table tennis.
2. Noreen could climb the mountain.
3. I may find a new car.
4. They might join a new company.
5. We shall take a tour.
6. Aslam should turn it on.
7. Zenab will call you.
8. Zaid would disturb other.
9. I must start the work.
10. He ought to be at home
11. She can teach math.
12. She could stitch clothes.
13. You may take the responsibility.
14. We might solve the puzzle.
15. I shall not go there.
16. Fawad should work hard.
17. Someone will inform you.
18. He would wake up early.
19. Osama must respect his father.
20. Nouman ought to quit smoking.

Regular Verb:
A regular verb is a verb that is changed to its 2^nd and 3^rd form by taking ed or ied.
Examples:

1. Salman repeated the last chapter.
2. Fahad worked in the garage.
3. Sobia uses her mobile.
4. Waqas and Fahad traveled to Karachi.
5. Samreen fixed the computer.

Irregular Verb:
An irregular verb is also a verb that does not follow ed and ied rules and it changes its forms.

Examples:

1. Salman gave me a pencil.
2. Fahad stole
3. Sobia drank a glass of water.
4. Waqas and Fahad took their classes.
5. Samreen is cutting a tree.

Adjective:

It is derived from Latin word “adjectivus” which means added. It is used to modify a noun or pronoun in a sentence is called adjective.
Examples:

• Stingy
• Precious
• Diligent
• Generous
• Intelligent
• Asim is not stingy.
• Zaid has a precious gift.
• Asif is very a diligent student.
• Bilal is very generous.
• Salma is an intelligent girl.

Kinds of Adjective

Adjective of Quality:
It is an adjective that is used to show the quality of a person, place or thin
Examples:

• Good
• Intelligent
• Beautiful
• Great
• Dishonest
• She is good girl.
• They are intelligent.
• She is very beautiful.
• Saima is a great boss.
• He is dishonest friend.

Adjective of Quantity:
It is an adjective that is used the quantity of Non-count Nouns.
Examples:

• Any
• Little
• Much
• Some
• Lots of
• She does not have any information.
• My brother is very little.
• They have much knowledge.
• I need some honey.
• He eats lots of food.

Adjective of Number:
Adjective of number is used to show the number of countable noun. It can be ordinal or cardinal.
Examples:

• First
• Second
• Three
• Four
• Five
• He got first position.
• Stupid people always buy second hand mobiles.
• Salman has three friends.
• Lila bought four cars.
• They lost their five rupees note.

Demonstrative Adjective:
Demonstrative adjective is used to point out a near or far person, place or thing.
Examples:

• This
• That
• These
• Those
• Such
• This car is blue.
• That building is a big.
• These shops are closed.
• Those farmers are kind.
• Such students are rude.

Distributive Adjective:
This adjective is used to talk about persons or things separately.
Examples:

• Each
• Every
• Either
• Neither
• Any other
• Each of the boys plays well.
• Every thief thinks differently.
• Either of the workers had escaped.
• Neither of them is writing the homework.
• I am taller than any other in the class.

Interrogative Adjective:
It is used to ask questions.
Examples:

• What
• Which
• Whose
• What
• Which
• What did you do last weekend?
• Which one is your father?
• Whose car is that?
• What should Jawad do?
• Which color should I choose?

Proper Adjective:
Proper Adjective is taken from proper noun and shows nationality.
Examples:

• Pakistani
• Indian
• Afghani
• Australian
• Brazilian
• Pakistani plyers are on the top.
• Indian have lost their temper.
• Afghani were aggressive when they lost the match.
• Australian should not be bothered.
• Brazilian team is his favorite.

Exclamatory Adjective:
Exclamatory adjective is used to show surprise or emotion.
Examples:

• What a car!
• Such a nice servant!
• What a weather!
• Such a boss!
• What a teacher!

Relative Adjective:
It is an adjective that is used to combine adjective clause and it combines two sentences.
Examples:

• The place where I live is danger.
• A car which was parked is disappear.
• The boy whose mobile is lost is carrying.
• She bought a car whose color is black.
• The man whom I met has become a player.

Possessive Adjective:
Possessive adjective is used to show ownership or relationship.
Examples:

• My
• His
• Her
• Our
• Their
• My friend is very sick.
• His wallet was lost.
• She went to her village.
• Our neighbor is a stupid person.
• Your father need to consult a doctor.

Degrees of Adjective

Simple Degree:
It does not show any comparison. It shows only quality of a person, place or thing.
Examples:

• Kamran is a nice boy.
• Fahad seems busy now.
• This room was dirty yesterday.
• She is an intelligent student.
• Fawad is a tall player.

Comparative Degree:
It compares one person, place or thing with another person, place or thing.
Examples:

• Kamran is nicer than Sofyan.
• Fahad seems busier than Waqas.
• This room was dirtier than mine.
• She is more intelligent than Lila.
• Fawad is taller than Maxwell.

Superlative Degree:
It compares one person, place or thing with a group of persons, places or things.
Examples:

• Kamran is the nicest lad in our village.
• Fahad seems the busiest student.
• This room was the dirtiest room in our flat.
• She is the most intelligent girl in our house.
• Fawad is the tallest player in Australian team.

Adverb:

It is derived from Latin word “adverbium” which means to add something to the meaning of a verb. A word that adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb.
Examples:

• Hard
• Nicely
• Very politely
• Very
• Always
• He works hard.
• She recites the Holy Quran nicely.
• They talk to elders very politely.
• The food is very delicious.
• He always speaks the truth.

Kinds of Adverb

Adverb of Time:
It is an adverb that is used to show the time of an action. It answers the question word (when, whenever).
Examples:

• Yesterday
• Now
• Two days ago
• 06:00
• In the morning
• He went to Karachi yesterday.
• You can call me now.
• They saw the palace two days ago.
• He did not call me at 06:00pm.
• We go to school in the morning.

Adverb of Place:
It is an adverb that shows the location of an action. It answers the question word (where).
Examples:

• In the class
• In America
• On the road
• Near the car
• On the top
• I am not in the class.
• She lives in America.
• Fawad was hit on the road.
• The white cat is near the car.
• Lila is on the top.

Adverb of Manner:
This adverb is used to show how someone does something. It answers the question, (how or how well?)
Examples:

• Smartly
• Surprisingly
• Strongly
• Quickly
• Bravely
• Salman works smartly.
• Jawad looks at him surprisingly.
• I strongly oppose this party.
• He writes his homework quickly.
• He went there bravely.

Adverb of Frequency:
Adverb of frequency is used to show the repetition of ab action in a sentence.
Examples:

• Always
• Usually
• Sometimes
• Hardly
• Often
• Saleem always misses the first class.
• We usually go for a walk.
• Sometimes I watch television.
• He earns hardly.
• I often call my friends

Interrogative Adverb:
It is used to ask questions.
Examples:

• When
• How
• Where
• When
• How
• When did you eat the meal?
• How did she pass the test?
• Where do they play hockey?
• When will Lila paint the room?
• How have you met Imran?

Relative Adverb:
Relative adverb is used to combine two clauses and make an adjective clause from the second sentence.
Examples:

• The place where I live is danger.
• The reason why he left the college was lack of interest.
• The moment when he came was fearful.
• He loves the palace where they were.
• I hate that reason why he told a lie.

Adverb of Degree:
Adverb of degree are those adverbs which shows the degree in a sentence.
Examples:

• Too
• Very
• So
• Pretty
• Dead
• Kamran is too smart.
• He is very stupid.
• I am so fast in writing letters.
• He is pretty intelligent.
• Salman was dead chuffed yesterday.

Adverb of Certainty:
It is an adverb that is used to show how much sure we are about something.
Examples:

• Certainly
• Surely
• Definitely
• Absolutely
• Exactly
• It will certainly finish soon.
• He is surely coming tonight.
• Definitely, you are going to win this time.
• You are absolutely right.
• Exactly, he is a faithful father.

Conjunctive Adverb:
Conjunctive adverbs are also called linkers. Those adverbs which take us from one idea to another.
Examples:

• However
• Therefore
• For example
• In fact
• In addition
• It is raining; however, they are going swimming.
• He didn’t study; therefore, he failed the test.
• I can teach many subjects; for example, Math, Urdu and Computer.
• Saima was upset; in fact, she had lost something.
• Nouman works in the field; in addition, he serve in the restaurant.

Preposition:

It is derived from Latin word “preposition” which means to place before. A preposition is a word that is placed before its object.
Examples:

• In
• On
• At
• Among
• Between
• The car is in the garage.
• She comes on time.
• Zohra is at the hospital.
• He is sitting among the students.
• My friend is sitting between Kamran and Fawad.

Kinds of Preposition

Simple Preposition:
It is a simple preposition which can be mono or di-syllable.
Examples:

• With
• Before
• Under
• Of
• From
• Hafeez is sitting with Nouman.
•  Sameer came before Ali.
• I am working under the car.
• One of his brothers is a dentist.
• They came from England.

Double Preposition:
it is two-word preposition which is sometimes called compound preposition.
Examples:

• In spite of
• Due to
• Because of
• In front of
• Next to
• In spite of difficulties he is moving forward.
• Due to sickness, I did not attend the party.
• She did not participate in the ceremony because of being busy.
• You should come in front of the class.
• They are sitting next to me.

Participle Preposition:
it is the verb+ing that functions as a preposition.
Examples:

• Following
• Regarding
• Considering
• Concering
• Not with standing
• You must meet me the following day.
• He cannot say anything regarding this question.
• He did well considering his limitations.
• There was a meeting today concerning the betterment of citizens.
• She had gone swimming, not with standing the rain

Phrase Preposition:
It is a group of words functioning as a preposition.
Examples:

• At the beginning of
• in the class
• in search of
• on the top of
• By the end of
• You should not ask questions at the beginning of the class.
• He in the class was cleaning.
• I did not come here in search of job.
• Saleem need to go on the top of building.
• By the end of this unit you will be given a long test.

Conjunction:

It is derived from Latin word “conjunct” which means to combine. It is a word that is used to combine two or more words, phrases and clauses in a sentence.
Examples:

• And
• But
• However
• Or
• So
• He is playing football and I am working in the yard.
• She is tall, but her brother is short.
• They offered me a well-paid job, however I turned it down.
• Do like red color or blue?
• He worked hard, so he passed the exam.

Kinds of Conjunction

Co-ordinate Conjunction:
It combines words, phrases and clauses of equal rank.
Examples:

• For
• And
• Nor
• But
• So
• He failed the test, for he did not study hard.
• She is playing football and her brother is studying.
• He does not work nor studies his lessons
• This test is easy, but lengthy.
• Kamran was sick, so he went to the hospital.

Paired Conjunction:
It is used in pairs to combine the equal words, phrases and clauses.
Examples:

• Both……and………..
• Neither…..nor………
• Either……or………..
• Not only…..but also…
• Whether…..or……….
• Both the teacher and the student are absent.
• Neither Fahad nor Waqas is absent.
• I can either write or speak English.
• Not only Lila but also Salma is honest.
• Whether he goes or not, I will definitely go.

Subordinate Conjunction:
It is used to combine an incomplete clause with a complete clause.
Examples:

• Because
• Although
• If
• While
• Whereas
• We all went home because it was raining.
• Although he is sick, he comes to school.
• If you come late work, you will be fired.
• While I was walking on the road, it started firing.
• John likes eating pizza whereas his brother loves eating burger.

Interjection:

It is a word or phrase that shows emotions and sudden feelings of a person.
Examples:

• Oh
• Wow
• Hurrah
• Ouch
• Alas
• Oh! She lost her purse.
• Wow! Zaid got a new job.
• Hurrah! We won the match.
• Ouch! This news always hurts me.
• Alas! He is not here anymore.

Tense:

Tense is derived from Latin word “Tempus” which means time. Tenses tell us about the time of an action that what time an action has happened. In English we have twelve tenses and all of them are being discussed in this section.
Let’s study them one by one so that you people can understand. Keep one thing in mind, no need to worry about tenses they are explained in a simple way with examples.

Simple Present Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + V1 + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + do/does + not + V1 + Obj.
• Question= Do/does + Sub + V1 + Obj?

Usages:
This tense shows that someone does something habitually, regularly or every day.
It is used to show a general and universal fact.
 It also shows future fixed plans.
Examples:
Positive:

1. He serves people at the restaurant.
2. I wake up early in the morning.
3. Humans need food.
4. The sun appears in the East.
5. They celebrate their birthday in December.

Negative:

1. He does not serve people at the restaurant.
2. I do not wake up early in the morning.
3. Humans do not need food.
4. The sun does not appear in the East.
5. They do not celebrate their birthday in December.

Question:

1. Does he serve people at the restaurant?
2. Do I wake up early in the morning?
3. Do humans need food?
4. Does the sun appears in the East?
5. Do they celebrate their birthday in December?

 Simple Past Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + V2 + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + did + not + V1 + Obj.
• Question= Did + Sub+ V1+ Obj?

 Usages:
It shows an action or state which was started and ended at a particular time in the past. It also shows an action or state which existed in the past, but not in the present. It is used for two actions which happened in the past, one before another action.

Examples:
Positive:

1. They built a house yesterday.
2. Saleem broke the chairs two days ago.
3. My mother used to boil eggs for me.
4. We used to choose new topics for presentation.
5. When they changed the decision, Nouman left the meeting.

Negative:

1. They did not build a house yesterday.
2. Saleem did not break the chairs two days ago.
3. My mother did not use to boil eggs for me.
4. We did not use to choose new topics for presentation.
5. When they did not change the decision, Nouman did not leave the meeting.

Question:

1. Did they build a house yesterday?
2. Did Saleem break the chairs two days ago?
3. Did my mother use to boil eggs for me?
4. Did we use to choose new topics for presentation?
5. Did Nouman left when they changed the decision?

Simple Future Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + Will + V1 + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + Will + not + V1 + Obj.
• Question= Will + Sub+ V1+ Obj?

Usages:
Simple future tense is used for an action which will occur in the future. It is also used for a promise.

Examples:

Positive:

1. Fahad will deceive you.
2. I will cook biryani for Saima.
3. Ali will defeat Gulsher.
4. Your math teacher will solve this question.
5. Lila will feed the goat.

Negative:

1. Fahad will not deceive you.
2. I will not cook biryani for Saima.
3. Ali will not defeat Gulsher.
4. Your math teacher will not solve this question.
5. Lila will not feed the goat.

Question:

1. Will Fahad deceive you?
2. Will I cook biryani for Saima?
3. Will Ali defeat Gulsher?
4. Will your math teacher solve this question?
5. Will Lila feed the goat?

Present Continuous Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub is/am/are + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Negative = Sub is/am/are + not + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Question= Is/am/are + Sub + V1 + ing + Obj?

Usages:
It shows an action that is happening at the moment of speaking. It is used for a future action that is planned. It is also used to show changing in situation.
Examples:

Positive:

1. She is listening a song.
2. The farmers are going to harvest the wheat.
3. A person is helping a beggar.
4. I am going to improve my writing.
5. Taylor is ironing a shirt.

Negative:

1. She is not listening a song.
2. The farmers are not going to harvest the wheat.
3. A person is not helping a beggar.
4. I am not going to improve my writing.
5. Taylor is not ironing a shirt.

 Question:

1. Is she listening a song?
2. Are the farmers going to harvest the wheat?
3. Is a person helping a beggar?
4. Am I going to improve his writing?
5. Is tailor ironing a shirt?

 Past Continuous Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub Was/Were + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Negative = Sub Was/Were + not + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Question= Was/Were + Sub + V1 + ing + Obj?

Usages:
It shows an action that was happening or continue in the past. It is also used for two actions which were occurring in the past.
Examples:
Positive:

1. He was eating the meal.
2. We were finding the keys
3. Farooq was wasting his time.
4. Ali was hitting the ball and Salman was stopping it.
5. Saima was telling a story and Salma was writing it.

Negative:

1. He was not eating the meal.
2. We were not finding the keys
3. Farooq was not wasting his time.
4. Ali was not hitting the ball and Salman was not stopping it.
5. Saima was telling a story and Salma was writing it.

Question:

1. Was he eating the meal?
2. Were we finding the keys?
3. Was Farooq wasting his time?
4. Were Ali and Salman playing?
5. Were Salma and Saima writing a story?

Future Continuous Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub Will be + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Negative = Sub Will not be + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Question= Will + Sub + be+ V1 + ing + Obj?

Usages:
It shows an action which will be or won’t be progress at a particular time in the future. It shows expectation as well. Without a specific mention of time it has the same meaning as simple future tense.

Examples:

Positive:

1. I will be completing the assignment on 18 Oct.
2. Nouman will be receiving the letter at 3pm.
3. She will be winning the game.
4. We will be offering the prayer in the morning.
5. They will be saving the files.

Negative:

1. I will not be completing the assignment on 18 Oct.
2. Nouman will not be receiving the letter at 3pm.
3. She will not be winning the game.
4. We will not be offering the prayer in the morning.
5. They will not be saving the files.

 Question:

1. Will I be completing the assignment on 18 Oct?
2. Will Nouman be receiving the letter at 3pm?
3. Will she be winning the game?
4. Will we be offering the prayer in the morning?
5. Will they be saving the files?

Present Perfect Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub Have/has + V3 + Obj.
• Negative = Sub Have/has + not + V3 + Obj.
• Question= Have/has + Sub + V3 + Obj?

Usages:
It is used to show an action which started in the past, continuous to the present and it may go to the future or not. It also shows the repetition of an action. It is used for an action which started and finished but its results appear now in the present.

Examples:

Positive:

1. Salma has lived in this house since January.
2. They have worked in this company for ten years.
3. I have eaten burger a lot of time.
4. She has submitted the assignment.
5. He has obeyed the rules.

Negative:

1. Salma has not lived in this house since January.
2. They have not worked in this company for ten years.
3. I have eaten not burger a lot of time.
4. She has not submitted the assignment.
5. He has not obeyed the rules.

Question:

1. Has Salma lived in this house since January?
2. Have they worked in this company for ten years?
3. Have I eaten burger a lot of time?
4. Has she submitted the assignment?
5. Has he obeyed the rules?

Past Perfect Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub Had + V3 + Obj.
• Negative = Sub Had + not + V3 + Obj.
• Question= Had + Sub + V3 + Obj?

Usages:
It shows a past unreal desire with wish. It sometimes has the past perfect continuous tense meaning with since and for. Without any mention of time it has almost the same meaning as simple past.

Examples:

Positive:

1. I wish I had paid the fee.
2. She had destroyed his life.
3. They had filled the forms.
4. I had rejected her applications for one month.
5. He wish he had shaken the hand.

Negative:

1. I wish I had not paid the fee.
2. She had not destroyed his life.
3. They had not filled the forms.
4. I had not rejected her applications for one month.
5. He wish he had not shaken the hand.

Question:

1. Had I paid the fee?
2. Had she destroyed his life?
3. Had they filled the forms?
4. Had I rejected her applications for one month?
5. Had he shaken the hand?

Future Perfect Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + Will +Have + V3 + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + Will + not + Have + V3 + Obj.
• Question= Will + Sub +Have + V3 + Obj?

Usages:

            It shows an action which will be completed before another action in the future.

Examples:

Positive:

1. He will have read the story when you come.
2. They will have spent four hours before you meet Ali.
3. I will have start new business after you get married.
4. Nouman will have stop the bus when you wink him.
5. Someone will have touch the wall after you leave.

Negative:

1. He will have not read the story when you come.
2. They will not have spent four hours before you meet Ali.
3. I will not have start new business after you get married.
4. Nouman will not have stop the bus when you wink him.
5. Someone will not have touch the wall after you leave.

Question:

1. Will He have read the story when you come?
2. Will they have spent four hours before you meet Ali?
3. Will I have start new business after you get married?
4. Will Nouman have stop the bus when you wink him?
5. Will someone have touch the wall after you leave?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + Have/has + been + V1 +ing + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + Have/has + not + been + V1 +ing + Obj.
• Question= Have/has + Sub + been + V1 +ing + Obj?

Usages:
It shows an action that started at sometimes in the past, continuous to the present at the time of speaking and may or may not go to future.it is used to give explanation for those actions which have just finished.it also show the repetition of an action but is less common than present perfect.

Examples:

Positive:

1. Waqas has been driving the car since morning.
2. Some people have been composing the papers.
3. We have been sending the messages for 3 hours.
4. I have been running fast.
5. He has been playing game.

Negative:

1. Waqas has not been driving the car since morning.
2. Some people have not been composing the papers.
3. We have not been sending the messages for 3 hours.
4. I have not been running fast.
5. He has not been playing game

Question:

1. Has Waqas been driving the car since morning?
2. Have some people been composing the papers?
3. Have we been sending the messages for 3 hours?
4. Have I been running fast?
5. Has he been playing game?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + Had + been + V1 +ing + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + Had + not + been + V1 +ing + Obj.
• Question= Had + Sub + been + V1 +ing + Obj?

Usages:
It emphasizes the duration of an action which was continue before another action in the past.

Examples:

Positive:

1. We had been discussing the topic for ten minutes when Ali came.
2. She had been losing her weight since January.
3. She had been cleaning the house for 30 minutes after guests entered.
4. They had been winning the games since 2000.
5. I had been using computer for 3 hours.

Negative:

1. We had not been discussing the topic for ten minutes when Ali came.
2. She had not been losing her weight since January.
3. She had not been cleaning the house for 30 minutes after guests entered.
4. They had not been winning the games since 2000.
5. I had not been using computer for 3 hours.

Question:

1. Had we been discussing the topic for ten minutes?
2. Had she been losing her weight since January?
3. Had she been cleaning the house for 30 minutes?
4. Had they been winning the games since 2000?
5. Had I been using computer for 3 hours?

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Structures:

• Positive = Sub + Will +Have + been + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Negative = Sub + Will + not + Have + been + V1 + ing + Obj.
• Question= Will + Sub + Have + been + V1 + ing + Obj?

Usages:
It shows an action which will be continue before another action in the future.

Examples:

Positive:

1. The ice will have been melting when you enter home.
2. She will have been living in this house after Salma comes back.
3. The fisherman will have been catching the fish when you bring mobile.
4. He will have been tearing the pages once you leave the class.
5. They will have been celebrating the holidays.

Negative:

1. The ice will not have been melting when you enter home.
2. She will not have been living in this house after Salma comes back.
3. The fisherman will not have been catching the fish when you bring mobile.
4. He will not have been tearing the pages once you leave the class.
5. They will not have been celebrating the holidays.

Question:

1. Will the ice have been melting when you enter home?
2. Will she have been living in this house after Salma comes back?
3. Will the fisherman have been catching the fish when you bring mobile?
4. Will he have been tearing the pages once you leave the class?
5. Will they have been celebrating the holidays?

Active and Passive Voice

Voice:
Voice are sounds that are made by human beings with mouth or throat for speaking and singing.
Every voice is not sound, but every sound is voice.
Sound is sensation perceived by sense of hearing.

Definition:

In grammar voice is a form of verb which whether the subject is doing or receiving the action indicated by the verb.
Or

Voice show whether the subject does something or something is done to the subject.
Types of Voice:

There are two kinds of voice.
Active Voice:
Active voice shows that the subject is doing the action.
Or
In active voice the subject does something.
Passive Voice:
Passive voice shows that the subject is receiving the action.
Or
In passive voice something is done to the subject.

Rules for changing active voice to passive voice.

1. Sentence should have subject, verb and object.
2. Change the object of active voice to the subject of passive voice.
3. We use Auxiliary verbs (is/am/are/was/were) according to the subject and verb tense of active voice.
4. We use 3^rd form of the verb in passive voice.
5. In passive voice By is also used.

Why to use active and passive voice?

Active Voice:

1. It is used to give importance to the performer of action.
2. We use active voice for avoiding confusion.
3. To place the subject and object in the actual position.
4. Bring simplicity in written and spoken English.

Passive Voice:

1. It is used when we do not know the performer of action.
2. When we forget who the performer is.
3. When the performer is unnecessary.
4. We are only interested in the action, but not its performer.
5. To give more importance to the receiver of action.

Simple Present Tense

Active Voice

1. Ali makes all the arrangements.
2. Lila plays hockey.
3. They send us money.
4. He does not print the letters.
5. The cat catches the mouse.

Passive Voice

1. All the arrangements are made by Ali.
2. Hockey is played by Lila.
3. Money is sent to us by them.
4. Letters are not printed by him.
5. The mouse is caught by the cat.

Simple Past Tense

Active Voice

1. The teacher made a quiz.
2. He bought a gift yesterday.
3. She prepared a report for boss.
4. I did not find a ring.
5. They helped me.

Passive Voice

1. A quiz was made by the teacher.
2. A gift was bought by him yesterday.
3. A report was prepared by her for boss.
4. A ring was not founded by me.
5. I was helped.

Simple Future Tense

Active Voice

1. I will send the letters.
2. The teacher will check the test.
3. They will sign the report.
4. She will make mistakes.
5. Jawad will call you.

Passive Voice

1. The letters will be sent by me.
2. The test will be checked by the teacher.
3. The report will be signed by them.
4. Mistakes will be made by her.
5. I will be called by Jawad.

 Present Continuous Tense

Active Voice

1. Ilyas is flying a kite.
2. We are not breaking the law.
3. She is wasting the time.
4. They are controlling the crime.
5. He is hurting me.

Passive Voice

1. A kite is being flown by Ilyas.
2. The law is not being broken by us.
3. The time is not being wasted by her.
4. The crime is being controlled by them.
5. I am being hurt.

Past Continuous Tense

Active Voice

1. She was singing a song.
2. He was building a house.
3. We were fixing the car.
4. They were catching the cat.
5. I was using computer.

Passive Voice

1. A song was being sung by her.
2. A house was being built by him.
3. The car was being fixed by us.
4. The cat was being caught by them.
5. Computer was being used by me.

Present Perfect Tense

Active Voice

1. She has watered the plants.
2. I have not heard it.
3. They have informed me.
4. We have done the dishes.
5. Salma has seen a saw.

Passive Voice

1. The plants have been watered by her.
2. It has not been heard by me.
3. I have been informed by them.
4. The dishes have been done by us.
5. A saw has been seen by Salma.

Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice

1. They had destroyed the village.
2. I had spoken English.
3. You had teased me.
4. We had not hired him.
5. He had killed the snake.

Passive Voice

1. The village had been destroyed by them.
2. English had been spoken by me.
3. I had been teased by you.
4. He had not been hired by us.
5. The snake had been killed by him.

Future Perfect Tense

Active Voice

1. Painter will have accepted the offer.
2. You will have returned the book.
3. I will have painted the rooms.
4. We will have broken the records.
5. She will have taught English.

Passive Voice

1. The offer will have been accepted by the painter.
2. The book will have been returned by you.
3. The rooms will have been painted by me.
4. The records will have been broken by us.
5. English will have been taught by her.

Active and Passive of Imperative

Active Voice

1. Open the door.
2. Call him.
3. Teach them Urdu.
4. Don’t play cricket.
5. Don’t drive my car.

Passive Voice

1. Let the door be opened.
2. Let he be called.
3. Let Urdu be taught to them.
4. Let cricket not be played.
5. Let my car not be driven.

Active and Passive of Modal verbs

Active Voice

1. He can send us money.
2. Fawad could play cricket.
3. I must buy a gift.
4. I can gather people.
5. She should fix the car.
6. Saleem should speak English.
7. We ought to return the book.
8. They may kill their enemy.
9. The school might hire a new teacher.
10. I must eat a mango.

Passive Voice

1. Money can be sent to us by him.
2. Cricket could be played by Fawad.
3. A gift must be bought by me.
4. People can be gathered by me.
5. English should be spoken by me.
6. The book ought to be returned by us.
7. Their enemy may be killed by them.
8. A new teacher might be hired by the school.
9. A mango must be eaten by me.

Active and Passive of Questions

Active Voice

1. Does he release the birds?
2. Do I study English?
3. Has she opened the door?
4. Is Salman reading a book?
5. Did he sell his shoes?
6. What will Kamran do?
7. Where did I see the birds?
8. When has he informed you?
9. Why should I complete your assignment?
10. How did Lila write a letter?

Passive Voice

1. Are the birds released by him?
2. Is English studied by me?
3. Has the door been opened by him?
4. Is a book being read by Salman?
5. Were his shoes sold by him?
6. What will be done by Kamran?
7. Where were the birds seen by me?
8. When have you informed by him?
9. Why should your assignment be completed by me?
10. How was a letter written by Lila?

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